비구계받는 형식 변화

 

 

비구계받는  형식 변화

 

1.에히비쿠(오라! 비구여!)
2.삼귀의(전도선언후 삼귀의)

3. 라훌라의 사미계 수여때 삼귀의(성도후 1년후)
4.백사갈마(한번 제안후 세번 질문하여 침묵으로 동의)
5.본인삼청후 백사갈마(한번 제안후 세번 질문하여 침묵으로 동의)
6.십인이상 십년이상비구

7.오인이상 십년이상비구

 

[해설]

1.에히비쿠(오라! 비구여!)

오비구와 야사와 54명의 친구 그리고 가섭3형제와 사리뿟다 목건련등이 이렇게 비구계를 받았다. 부처님과 인연이 있었던 특별한 분들이고 할 수 있다. '에히비쿠'라는 형식으로 구족계를 받은 분들이 라자가하에 보름날밤에 자연스럽게 1250인이 모였다. 이렇게 모인 비구승가를 지칭하여 1250인이라는 정형구가 생겨났고 현재의 예불문에도 삽입되어있다.

 

2.전도선언후 삼귀의 삼창

녹야원에서 60명의 비구를 제도한후에 전도선언을 하는데 그때 아라한 비구들이 출가자들을 데리고 멀리서 오는 일이 발생하였다. 부처님은 비구계를 받기 위해 부처님을 찾아오는 번거로움을 덜어주기 위해 다음과 같이 삼귀의를 하는 것으로 비구계를 주게하였다.

 

"비구들이여, 그러나 그대들은 이와 같이 출가시키고 구족계를 주어야 한다. 먼저 머리와 수염을 깎게 하고 가사를 입히고 한쪽 어깨에 상의를 걸치게 하고 비구들의 양 발에 머리를 조아리게 한 뒤에 웅크려 앉히고 합장하게 하여 이와 같이 말하라고 해야 한다.

Paṭhamaṁ kesamassuṁ ohārāpetvā, kāsāyāni vatthāni acchādāpetvā, ekaṁsaṁ uttarāsaṅgaṁ kārāpetvā, bhikkhūnaṁ pāde vandāpetvā, ukkuṭikaṁ nisīdāpetvā, añjaliṁ paggaṇhāpetvā ‘evaṁ vadehī’ti vattabbo—

 

'부처님께 귀의합니다. 가르침에 귀의합니다. 승가에 귀의합니다. Buddhaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi,  Dhammaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi,  Saṅghaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi.

두번째 부처님께 귀의합니다. 가르침에 귀의합니다. 승가에 귀의합니다.

Dutiyampi buddhaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi,Dutiyampi dhammaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi,Dutiyampi saṅghaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi. 세번째 부처님께 귀의합니다. 가르침에 귀의합니다. 승가에 귀의합니다.

Tatiyampi buddhaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi,Tatiyampi dhammaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmi,Tatiyampi saṅghaṁ saraṇaṁ gacchāmī’

비구들이여, 이 삼귀의로써 출가시켜 구족계를 주는 것을 허용한다.

 

 

 

3.성도후 1년후 라훌라에게 사미계를 줄때 삼귀의를 하게함

부처님은 당신의 아들을 출가시키는 방법을 삼귀의로 설명하고 있다. 

 

*'존자들이여, 저는 상가에 구족계를 청합니다. 존자들이여, 상가는 저를 애민히 여겨 제도하여 주십시오.

 ‘‘saṅghaṃ, bhante, upasampadaṃ yācāmi, ullumpatu maṃ, bhante, saṅgho anukampaṃ upādāyā’’ti.

 ‘Honoured sirs, I ask the Order for ordination; honoured sirs, may the Order raise me up, out of compassion.

 [제안] "존자들이여, 참모임은 제 말에 귀를 기울이십시오. 여기 아무개는 존자 아무개로 자로부터 구족계를 받고자합니다. 여기 아무개는 참모임에 청해서 친교사 아무개로부터 구족계를 받고자합니다. 만약 창모임에 옳은 일이라면, 참모임은 아무개 친교사로서 아무개에게 구족계를 주겠습니다. 이것이 제안입니다 .

‘‘Suṇātu me, bhante , saṅgho. Ayaṃ itthannāmo itthannāmassa āyasmato upasampadāpekkho. Itthannāmo saṅghaṃ upasampadaṃ yācati itthannāmena upajjhāyena. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, saṅgho itthannāmaṃ upasampādeyya itthannāmena upajjhāyena. Esā ñatti.

 

 

 

4.본인삼청후 백사갈마

본인이 원하지 않았는데 비구계를 준 경우가 있어 본인이 세번 청한 후에 다시 승가에 삼번청하여 비구계를 주었다.

5.십인이상 십년이상비구

중앙에서 머물때 십년이상 10인이상의  비구들에게 비구계를 받을 수있다.

Anujānāmi, bhikkhave, dasavaggena vā atirekadasavaggena vā gaṇena upasampādetun”ti.

6.오인이상 십년이상비구

변방에서 머물때 십년이상 5인이상의  비구들에게 비구계를 받을 수있다.

 

7. “The one who is giving the full ordination should ask about thirteen obstructions.“Anujānāmi, bhikkhave, upasampādentena terasa antarāyike dhamme pucchituṁ.

“I allow you to expel a novice monk who has ten qualities:“Anujānāmi, bhikkhave, dasahaṅgehi samannāgataṁ sāmaṇeraṁ nāsetuṁ.

1. He kills living beings;Pāṇātipātī hoti,
2. He steals;adinnādāyī hoti,
3. He’s not celibate;abrahmacārī hoti,
4. He lies;musāvādī hoti,
5. He drinks alcoholic drinks;majjapāyī hoti,
6. He disparages the Buddha;buddhassa avaṇṇaṁ bhāsati,
7. He disparages the Teaching;dhammassa avaṇṇaṁ bhāsati,
8. He disparages the Sangha;saṅghassa avaṇṇaṁ bhāsati,
9. He has wrong view;micchādiṭṭhiko hoti,
10. He has raped a nun.”bhikkhunidūsako hoti—

 

 

 

 

 

65. The four things not to be done65. Cattāriakaraṇīya

On one occasion, the monks gave the full ordination to someone and then departed.Tena kho pana samayena bhikkhū aññataraṁ bhikkhuṁ upasampādetvā ekakaṁ ohāya pakkamiṁsu.The newly ordained monk lagged behind, walking by himself. On the way he met his old wife.So pacchā ekakova āgacchanto antarāmagge purāṇadutiyikāya samāgañchi.She said,Sā evamāha—“Have you now gone forth?”“kiṁ dāni pabbajitosī”ti?

“Yes.”“Āma pabbajitomhī”ti.

“It’s difficult for those gone forth to get sex.“Dullabho kho pabbajitānaṁ methuno dhammo;Come, let’s have intercourse.”ehi, methunaṁ dhammaṁ paṭisevā”ti.He had intercourse with her.So tassā methunaṁ dhammaṁ paṭisevitvā cirena agamāsi.

Bhikkhū evamāhaṁsu—When he caught up with the monks, they asked him what had taken him so long.“kissa tvaṁ, āvuso, evaṁ ciraṁ akāsī”ti?He told them what had happened,Atha kho so bhikkhu bhikkhūnaṁ etamatthaṁ ārocesi.and they told the Buddha.Bhikkhū bhagavato etamatthaṁ ārocesuṁ.

“When you have given the full ordination to someone, you should give him a companion and point out the four things not to be done:“Anujānāmi, bhikkhave, upasampādetvā dutiyaṁ dātuṁ, cattāri ca akaraṇīyāni ācikkhituṁ—

A monk who is fully ordained should not have sexual intercourse, even with an animal.Upasampannena bhikkhunā methuno dhammo na paṭisevitabbo, antamaso tiracchānagatāyapi.If he has sexual intercourse, he’s not an ascetic, not a Sakyan monastic.Yo bhikkhu methunaṁ dhammaṁ paṭisevati, assamaṇo hoti asakyaputtiyo.Just as a man with his head cut off is unable to continue living by reconnecting it to the body,Seyyathāpi nāma puriso sīsacchinno abhabbo tena sarīrabandhanena jīvituṁ;so too is a monk who has had sexual intercourse not an ascetic, not a Sakyan monastic.evameva bhikkhu methunaṁ dhammaṁ paṭisevitvā assamaṇo hoti asakyaputtiyo.You shouldn’t do this for as long as you live.Taṁ te yāvajīvaṁ akaraṇīyaṁ.

A monk who is fully ordained should not steal, even a straw.Upasampannena bhikkhunā adinnaṁ theyyasaṅkhātaṁ na ādātabbaṁ, antamaso tiṇasalākaṁ upādāya.If he steals a pāda coin, the worth of a pāda, or more than a pāda, he’s not an ascetic, not a Sakyan monastic.Yo bhikkhu pādaṁ vā pādārahaṁ vā atirekapādaṁ vā adinnaṁ theyyasaṅkhātaṁ ādiyati, assamaṇo hoti asakyaputtiyo.Just as a fallen, withered leaf is incapable of becoming green again,Seyyathāpi nāma paṇḍupalāso bandhanā pavutto abhabbo haritatthāya;so too is a monk who, intending to steal, takes an ungiven pāda coin, the worth of a pāda, or more than a pāda not an ascetic, not a Sakyan monastic.evameva bhikkhu pādaṁ vā pādārahaṁ vā atirekapādaṁ vā adinnaṁ theyyasaṅkhātaṁ ādiyitvā assamaṇo hoti asakyaputtiyo.You shouldn’t do this for as long as you live.Taṁ te yāvajīvaṁ akaraṇīyaṁ.

A monk who is fully ordained should not intentionally kill a living being, even a small insect.Upasampannena bhikkhunā sañcicca pāṇo jīvitā na voropetabbo, antamaso kunthakipillikaṁ upādāya.If he intentionally kills a human being, even causing an abortion, he’s not an ascetic, not a Sakyan monastic.Yo bhikkhu sañcicca manussaviggahaṁ jīvitā voropeti, antamaso gabbhapātanaṁ upādāya, assamaṇo hoti asakyaputtiyo.Just as an ordinary stone that has broken in half cannot be put back together again,Seyyathāpi nāma puthusilā dvedhā bhinnā appaṭisandhikā hoti;so too is a monk who has intentionally killed a human being not an ascetic, not a Sakyan monastic.evameva bhikkhu sañcicca manussaviggahaṁ jīvitā voropetvā assamaṇo hoti asakyaputtiyo.You shouldn’t do this for as long as you live.Taṁ te yāvajīvaṁ akaraṇīyaṁ.

A monk who is fully ordained should not claim a superhuman quality, even just saying, ‘I delight in solitude.’Upasampannena bhikkhunā uttarimanussadhammo na ullapitabbo, antamaso ‘suññāgāre abhiramāmī’ti.If, because he has bad desires and is overcome by desire, he claims to have a non-existent superhuman quality—whether absorption, release, stillness, attainment, path, or fruit—he’s not an ascetic, not a Sakyan monastic.Yo bhikkhu pāpiccho icchāpakato asantaṁ abhūtaṁ uttarimanussadhammaṁ ullapati jhānaṁ vā vimokkhaṁ vā samādhiṁ vā samāpattiṁ vā maggaṁ vā phalaṁ vā, assamaṇo hoti asakyaputtiyo.Just as a palm tree with its crown cut off is incapable of further growth,Seyyathāpi nāma tālo matthakacchinno abhabbo puna viruḷhiyā;so too is a monk with bad desires, overcome by desire, who claims to have non-existent superhuman quality not an ascetic, not a Sakyan monastic.evameva bhikkhu pāpiccho icchāpakato asantaṁ abhūtaṁ uttarimanussadhammaṁ ullapitvā assamaṇo hoti asakyaputtiyo.You shouldn’t do this for as long as you live.”Taṁ te yāvajīvaṁ akaraṇīyan”ti.