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tebhūmakā saṅkhārā

청정도론 사성제에 대한 설명

 

 

16. (2) 어원에 따라: 여기서 [둑카(dukkha, 괴로움)] '(du)'라는 단어는 비열하다(kucchita)라는 뜻으로 사용된다. 왜냐하면 비열한 아이를 두뿟따(dupputta)라고 말하기 때문이다. '(kha)'라는 단어는 비었다(tuccha)라는 뜻으로 사용된다. 왜냐하면 텅 빈 허공을 카(kha)라고 말하기 때문이다. 첫 번째 진리는 여러 가지 위험이 도사리는 소굴이기 때문에 비열하고, 어리석은 사람들이 상상하는 항상함, 아름다움, 행복, 자아가 없기 때문에 비었다. 그러므로 비열하기 () 때문에, 비었기() 때문에 둑카(괴로움)라고 부른다.

 
nibbacanalakkhaṇādippabhedatoti ettha pana nibbacanato tāva idha du-iti ayaṃ saddo kucchite dissati. kucchitaṃ hi puttaṃ dupputtoti vadanti. khaṃ-saddo pana tucche. tucchaṃ hi ākāsaṃ “khan”ti vuccati. idañca paṭhamasaccaṃ kucchitaṃ anekaupaddavādhiṭṭhānato. tucchaṃ bālajanaparikappitadhuvasubhasukhattabhāvavirahitato. tasmā kucchitattā tucchattā ca dukkhanti vuccati.
 

This passage appears to be written in Pali, an ancient Indian language used in Buddhist scriptures. Here is a rough translation of the text:

"From the differentiation of characteristics, the sound 'du' arises. Sometimes this sound is said to mean 'a foolish child'. The sound 'kha' is meaningless, as it is used to represent the emptiness of space. The first sound, 'du', arises from various causes and conditions. The sound 'kha' is empty and without any inherent qualities. Therefore, both 'kucchitattā' (the state of being fleeting or impermanent) and 'tucchattā' (the state of being empty or meaningless) are considered to be forms of suffering."

It is possible that this passage is discussing the Buddhist concept of impermanence (anitya) and the unsatisfactory nature of all conditioned phenomena (dukkha), as well as the emptiness or lack of inherent existence (shunyata) of all phenomena.

 
 
nibbacanalakkhaṇādippabhedatoti ettha pana nibbacanato tāva idha du-iti ayaṃ saddo kucchite dissati. kucchitaṃ hi puttaṃ dupputtoti vadanti. khaṃ-saddo pana tucche. tucchaṃ hi ākāsaṃ “khan”ti vuccati. idañca paṭhamasaccaṃ kucchitaṃ anekaupaddavādhiṭṭhānato. tucchaṃ bālajanaparikappitadhuvasubhasukhattabhāvavirahitato. tasmā kucchitattā tucchattā ca dukkhanti vuccati. word by word
 
 

nibbacanalakkhaṇa-ādippabhedato-ti: from the differentiation of characteristics ettha pana: in this context nibbacanato: of language tāva: then idha: here du-iti: as "du" ayaṃ: this saddo: sound kucchite: as fleeting dissati: is seen/observed.

kucchitaṃ: something fleeting/impermanent hi: indeed puttaṃ: child dupputto-ti: is called vadanti: they say.

khaṃ-saddo: the sound "kha" pana: however tucche: is empty tucchaṃ: empty hi: indeed ākāsaṃ: space "khan" ti: is called.

idaṃ: this ca: and paṭhamasaccaṃ: the first truth kucchitaṃ: fleeting/impermanent aneka-upaddavādhi-ṭṭhānato: arising from various causes and conditions.

tucchaṃ: empty bālajana-parikappita-dhuvasubha-sukha-attabhāva-virahita-to: devoid of inherent existence, not associated with the concepts of childishness, imagination, goodness, happiness, or self.

tasmā: therefore kucchitattā: the state of being fleeting/impermanent tucchattā: the state of being empty/meaningless ca: and dukkhaṃ: suffering ti: is called.

 

 

 

청정도론

 

35. 이 가운데서 육체적이고 정신저인 괴로운 느낌은 고유성질로서도, 이름에 따라서도 괴롭기 때문에 고통에 기인한 괴로움이라 한다.

 ♦tattha kāyikacetasikā dukkhā vedanāsabhāvato ca nāmato ca dukkhattā dukkhadukkhanti vuccati.

 

즐거운 느낌은 그것이 변할 때 괴로운 느낌이 일어날 원인이 되기 때문에 변화에 기인한 괴로움이라 한다.

 ♦ sukhā vedanā vipariṇāmena dukkhuppattihetuto vipariṇāmadukkhaṃ. 

 

 

③ 평온한 느낌가 나머지 삼계에 속하는 상카라들은 일어나고 사라짐에 압박되기 때문에 형성됨에 기인한 괴로움이라 한다.♦ upekkhā vedanā ceva avasesā ca tebhūmakā saṅkhārā udayabbayappaṭipīḷitattā saṅkhāradukkhaṃ. 

 

 

귀의 통증, 이빨의 통증, 탐욕으로 인한 열, 성냄으로 인한 열등 육체적이고 정신적인 괴로움은 질문을 해야 알 수 있고 발병하는 것이 드러나지 않기 때문에 감춰진 괴로움이라 한다.

kaṇṇasūladantasūlarāgajapariḷāhadosajapariḷāhādi kāyikacetasiko ābādho pucchitvā jānitabbato upakkamassa ca apākaṭabhāvato paṭicchannadukkhaṃ nāma. apākaṭadukkhantipi vuccati.

 

32가지 형벌 때문에 생긴 괴로움은 질문을 하지 않고서도 알 수 있고 발병하는 것이 드러나기 때문에 드러난 괴로움이라 한다. 분명한 괴로움(pākaṭa dukkha)이라고도 한다.

고통에 기인한 괴로움을 제외하고 분별론의 괴로움의 진리의 해설에서 언급된 태어남 등의 나머지 모든 괴로움은 갖가지 괴로움의 토대가 되기 때문에 간접적인 괴로움이라 한다. 고통에 기인한 괴로움은 직접적인 괴로움이라 한다.

 
 
 

tattha - here

kāyikacetasikā - bodily and mental

dukkhā - suffering

vedanāsabhāvato - due to the absence of feelings ca - and

nāmato - due to the loss of feelings ca - and

dukkhattā - the state of suffering

dukkhadukkhanti - is called dukkhadukkha (suffering from suffering)

sukhā - pleasant vedanā - feeling/sensation

vipariṇāmena - due to change

dukkhuppattihetuto - caused by the arising of suffering

vipariṇāmadukkhaṃ - the suffering due to change

upekkhā - equanimity

vedanā - feeling/sensation ceva - and

avasesā - the remaining substratum ca - and

tebhūmakā - the underlying tendencies

saṅkhārā - mental formations

udayabbayappaṭipīḷitattā - caused by their arising, cessation, and instability

saṅkhāradukkhaṃ - the suffering due to mental formations

kaṇṇasūla - earache

danta - toothache

sūla - physical pain

rāga - attachment

jāra - aversion

pariḷāha - intense pain

dosa - anger

japariḷāhādi - and other mental afflictions

kāyikacetasiko - bodily and mental

ābādho - affliction

pucchitvā - by asking

jānitabbato - to be understood

upakkamassa - of those who approach ca - and

apākaṭabhāvato - the state of being concealed

paṭicchannadukkhaṃ - hidden suffering

nāma - is called

apākaṭadukkhanti - and it is also known as

apākaṭadukkha (hidden suffering)

 

 

 

 

 

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